I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou - 1609 Words

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou displays several characters who each own a voice that they make their own. Throughout the memoir, the reader learns about Angelou’s life, including the people that she grew up with as a child. One of the main characters that had a significant impact on Angelou as she was growing up was her brother, Bailey. Bailey helped Angelou understand the life around her as she was trying to navigate the world. He was a strong role model that she could look up to. He looked out for her, whether it be by standing up to adults who called her ugly or giving her essential advice that only a big brother could. However, Bailey also had a life of his own that we, as the audience, learn about through Angelou’s eyes. Bailey faced several challenges as he grew up, but never failed to use his voice in his own, unique way. We learn a lot about Bailey and his voice through his relationship with Angelou. Neither Angelou nor Bailey had the traditional family setup of a mother, father, and children. Instead, they both looked to Momma and Uncle Willie to raise them as their â€Å"parents†. Later in the memoir new parental figures are introduced as Bailey and his sister start to build relationships with their mother, Vivian, and their father, Bailey, Sr. On top of their biological parents, Bailey and Angelou are also introduced to many other â€Å"parental figures† including Dolores and Daddy Clidell. So many people were introduced to the brother and sister that it’sShow MoreRelatedI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou1391 Words   |  6 PagesMaya Angelou’s debut autobiography is an article of literature that depicts the life of a young black girl growing up in a world pitted against her, and the resilience she found in herself in order to survive. Angelou is a voice t hat is not often heard. In a world dominated by a white male narrative, the plights of the minority are often overshadowed. Thus, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is an imperative novel as it articulates the life of not only Angelou, but also of the unique experiences thatRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou Essay2303 Words   |  10 PagesOne of the quotes that Maya Angelou spoke about goes â€Å"History, despite its wrenching pain, cannot be unlived, but if faced with courage, need not be lived again.† In two of the poems written by Maya Angelou ‘I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings,’ which inspired millions of readers helped tackle difficulties related to themes such as racism, sexual abuse, equality. â€Å"Still I Rise† explores the idea of racial discrimination along with Abel Meeropol â€Å"Strange Fruit† and ‘Caged Bird’ which was sang by AliciaRead MoreI Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - Maya Angelou6502 Words   |  27 PagesAnalysis: Chapters 1–5 The lines from the poem Maya cannot finish, â€Å"What are you looking at me for? I didn’t come to stay . . .† capture two of the most significant issues she struggles with in her childhood and young adulthood: feeling ugly and awkward and never feeling attached to one place. First, Maya imagines that though people judge her unfairly by her awkward looks, they will be surprised one day when her true self emerges. At the time, she hopes that she will emerge as if in a fairy-taleRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou886 Words   |  4 PagesChampion of the World is a chapter in Maya Angelou s book I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings where the focal point describes a very significant event to the African American people during her adolescence. It shows a 1930’s black community fired up about a fight over racial resentment build up over the past years. The famous African American boxer, Joe Louis, it fighting for his title against a white contender. The story explains in detail the overwhelming amount of excitement and eagerness comingRead MoreEssay on I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou2409 Words   |  10 Pagesskin. Since they were evidently treated differently, many despised the fact that they were black. As a result of their helpless circumstances, it was understandable that many blacks during that time lacked confidence and self-acceptance. Maya Angelou was an African American girl who grew up during this challenging time. During her childhood, she witnessed and experienced racial prejudice first hand. She had difficultly understanding and accepting the consequences that accompanied belongingRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou Analysis840 Words   |  4 Pagesperson is none other than Maya Angelou. Angelou has been a famous American poet since the release of her 1969 autobiography, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings. Angelou has inspired many people by telling her life story to the public, but not only did she inspire, she also created a very different and personal point of view of the world we live in. The poem’s she has written transition from pain and suffering or to courage and confidence. Nonetheless, even though Angelou wrote mostly about anguishedRead MoreMaya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings913 Words   |  4 Pages Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sin gs is an autobiography that describes the coming of age of a Southern black girl who overcomes society’s cruelty as she grows up. Taking place in Stamps, Kansas during the 1930s, the autobiography captures Marguerite Ann Johnson’s, or Maya’s, battle of finding herself and coming to terms with who she is while growing up in a time period comprised of oppression and discrimination. Furthermore, Maya endures many childhood hardships due to her race, and sheRead MoreMaya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings701 Words   |  3 PagesMaya Angelou: â€Å" I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings† In this poem Maya Angelou talks about the civil rights movement. She also express her personal life of what she went through such as being raped at the age of 6 by her mother’s boyfriend and also becoming mute for 5 years. She also states how she got pregnant and had to raise a child at 16. All these events led up to writing this poem from a caged bird that sings point of view. â€Å"Remembrance† In this poem Maya Angelou express how she was being rapedRead MoreMaya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1888 Words   |  8 Pages Maya Angelou once said â€Å"We may encounter many defeats but we must not be defeated† and this phrase speaks volume in comparison to Angelou’s life story. She was born Marguerite Ann Johnson on April 4th, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. The name Maya was given to her by her older brother, Bailey Jr. Maya Angelou is not only a sister, but also an inspirational role model, a mother, an author, a poet, a civil rights activist, and an actor. In 1969 Angelou’s world renowned book â€Å"I Know Why the Caged BirdRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou2313 Words   |  10 Pagesknown as â€Å"Maya† sees beauty as being a blond white girl instead of an African American girl. Becoming a white girl is the only way she feels that she can escape the black hole that she feels she’s so constantly sucked int o. In the book, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings†, written by Maya Angelou, Marguerite states â€Å"I was going to look like one of the sweet little white girls who were everybody s dream of what was right with the world†(Introduction). Also, Marguerite states â€Å"Because I was really

The Host Chapter 33 Doubted Free Essays

Another splash. Kyle’s weight tortured my arms. â€Å"Wanda? Wanda!† â€Å"Help me! Kyle! The floor! Help!† I had my face pressed against the stone, my eyes toward the cave entrance. We will write a custom essay sample on The Host Chapter 33: Doubted or any similar topic only for you Order Now The light was bright overhead as the day dawned. I held my breath. My arms screamed. â€Å"Wanda! Where are you?† Ian leaped through the door, the rifle in his hands, held low and ready. His face was the angry mask his brother had worn. â€Å"Watch out!† I screamed at him. â€Å"The floor is breaking up! I can’t hold him much longer!† It took him two long seconds to process the scene that was so different from the one he’d been expecting-Kyle, trying to kill me. The scene that had been, just seconds ago. Then he threw the gun to the cave floor and started toward me with a long stride. â€Å"Get down-disperse your weight!† He dropped to all fours and scuttled to me, his eyes burning in the light of dawn. â€Å"Don’t let go,† he cautioned. I groaned in pain. He assessed for another second, and then slid his body behind mine, pushing me closer to the rock. His arms were longer than mine. Even with me in the way, he was able to get his hands around his brother. â€Å"One, two, three,† he grunted. He pulled Kyle up against the rock, much more securely than I’d had him. The movement smashed my face into the pillar. The bad side, though-it couldn’t get much more scarred at this point. â€Å"I’m going to pull him to this side. Can you squeeze out?† â€Å"I’ll try.† I loosened my hold on Kyle, feeling my shoulders ache in relief, making sure Ian had him. Then I wriggled out from between Ian and the rock, careful not to put myself on a dangerous section of the floor. I crawled backward a few feet toward the door, ready to make a grab for Ian if he started slipping. Ian hauled his inert brother around one side of the pillar, dragging him in jerks, a foot at a time. More of the floor crumbled, but the foundation of the pillar remained intact. A new shelf formed about two feet out from the column of rock. Ian crawled backward the way I had, dragging his brother along in short surges of muscle and will. Within a minute, we were all three in the mouth of the corridor, Ian and I breathing in gasps. â€Å"What†¦ the hell†¦ happened?† â€Å"Our weight†¦ was too†¦ much. Floor caved in.† â€Å"What were you doing†¦ by the edge? With Kyle?† I put my head down and concentrated on breathing. Well, tell him. What will happen then? You know what will happen. Kyle broke the rules. Jeb will shoot him, or they’ll kick him out. Maybe Ian will beat the snot out of him first. That would be fun to watch. Melanie didn’t really mean it-I didn’t think so, anyway. She was just still mad at me for risking our lives to save our would-be murderer. Exactly, I told her. And if they kick Kyle out for me†¦ or kill him†¦ I shuddered. Well, can’t you see how little sense that would make? He’s one of you. We’ve got a life here, Wanda. You’re jeopardizing that. It’s my life, too. And I’m†¦ well, I’m me. Melanie groaned in disgust. â€Å"Wanda?† Ian demanded. â€Å"Nothing,† I muttered. â€Å"You’re a rotten liar. You know that, right?† I kept my head down and breathed. â€Å"What did he do?† â€Å"Nothing,† I lied. Poorly. Ian put his hand under my chin, pulled my face up. â€Å"Your nose is bleeding.† He twisted my head to the side. â€Å"And there’s more blood in your hair.† â€Å"I-hit my head when the floor fell.† â€Å"On both sides?† I shrugged. Ian glared at me for a long moment. The darkness of the tunnel muted the brilliance of his eyes. â€Å"We should get Kyle to Doc-he really cracked his head when he went down.† â€Å"Why are you protecting him? He tried to kill you.† It was a statement of fact, not a question. His expression slowly melted from anger to horror. He was imagining what we had been doing on that unstable shelf-I could see that in his eyes. When I did not answer, he spoke again in a whisper. â€Å"He was going to throw you in the river†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A strange tremor shook his body. Ian had one arm around Kyle-he’d collapsed that way and seemed too tired to move. Now he shoved his unconscious brother away roughly, sliding farther from him in disgust. He slid into me and wrapped his arms around my shoulders. He pulled me close against his chest-I could feel his breath go in and out, still more ragged than normal. It felt very strange. â€Å"I should roll him right back in there and kick him over the edge myself.† I shook my head frantically, making it throb in pain. â€Å"No.† â€Å"Saves time. Jeb made the rules clear. You try to hurt someone here, there are penalties. There’ll be a tribunal.† I tried to pull away from him, but he tightened his grip. It wasn’t frightening, not like the way Kyle had grabbed me. But it was upsetting-it threw me off balance. â€Å"No. You can’t do that, because no one broke the rules. The floor collapsed, that’s all.† â€Å"Wanda -â€Å" â€Å"He’s your brother.† â€Å"He knew what he was doing. He’s my brother, yes, but he did what he did, and you are†¦ you are†¦ my friend.† â€Å"He did nothing. He is human,† I whispered. â€Å"This is his place, not mine.† â€Å"We’re not having this discussion again. Your definition of human is not the same as mine. To you, it means something†¦ negative. To me, it’s a compliment-and by my definition, you are and he isn’t. Not after this.† â€Å"Human isn’t a negative to me. I know you now. But Ian, he’s your brother.† â€Å"A fact that shames me.† I pushed away from him again. This time, he let me go. It might have had something to do with the moan of pain that escaped my lips when I moved my leg. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"I think so. We need to find Doc, but I don’t know if I can walk. I-I hit my leg, when I fell.† A growl strangled in his throat. â€Å"Which leg? Let me see.† I tried to straighten out my hurt leg-it was the right one-and groaned again. His hands started at my ankle, testing the bones, the joints. He rotated my ankle carefully. â€Å"Higher. Here.† I pulled his hand to the back of my thigh, just above the knee. I moaned again when he pressed the sore place. â€Å"It’s not broken or anything, I don’t think. Just really sore.† â€Å"Deep muscle bruise, at least,† he muttered. â€Å"And how did this happen?† â€Å"Must have†¦ landed on a rock when I fell.† He sighed. â€Å"Okay, let’s get you to Doc.† â€Å"Kyle needs him more than I do.† â€Å"I have to go find Doc anyway-or some help. I can’t carry Kyle that far, but I can certainly carry you. Oops-hold on.† He turned abruptly and ducked back into the river room. I decided I wouldn’t argue with him. I wanted to see Walter before†¦ Doc had promised to wait for me. Would that first dose of painkiller wear off soon? My head swam. There was so much to worry about, and I was so tired. The adrenaline had drained, leaving me empty. Ian came back with the gun. I frowned because this reminded me that I’d wished for it before. I didn’t like that. â€Å"Let’s go.† Without thinking, he handed the gun to me. I let it fall into my open palms, but I couldn’t curl my hands around it. I decided it was a suitable punishment, to have to carry the thing. Ian chuckled. â€Å"How anyone could be afraid of you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he mumbled to himself. He picked me up easily and was moving before I was settled. I tried to keep the tenderest parts-the back of my head, the back of my leg-from resting on him too hard. â€Å"How’d your clothes get so wet?† he asked. We were passing under one of the fist-sized skylights, and I could see the hint of a grim smile on his pale lips. â€Å"I don’t know,† I muttered. â€Å"Steam?† We passed into darkness again. â€Å"You’re missing a shoe.† â€Å"Oh.† We passed through another beam of light, and his eyes flashed sapphire. They were serious now, locked on my face. â€Å"I’m†¦ very glad that you weren’t hurt, Wanda. Hurt worse, I should say.† I didn’t answer. I was afraid of giving him something to use against Kyle. Jeb found us just before we hit the big cave. There was enough light for me to see the sharp glint of curiosity in his eyes when he saw me in Ian’s arms, face bleeding, the gun resting gingerly on my open hands. â€Å"You were right, then,† Jeb guessed. The curiosity was strong, but the steel in his tone was stronger. His jaw was tight beneath the fan of his beard. â€Å"I didn’t hear a shot. Kyle?† â€Å"He’s unconscious,† I said in a rush. â€Å"You need to warn everyone-part of the floor collapsed in the river room. I don’t know how stable it is now. Kyle hit his head really hard trying to get out of the way. He needs Doc.† Jeb raised one eyebrow so high it almost touched the faded bandanna at his hairline. â€Å"That’s the story,† Ian said, making no effort to conceal his doubt. â€Å"And she’s apparently sticking to it.† Jeb laughed. â€Å"Let me take that off your hands,† he said to me. I let him have the gun willingly. He laughed again at my expression. â€Å"I’ll get Andy and Brandt to help me with Kyle. We’ll follow behind you.† â€Å"Keep a close eye on him when he wakes up,† Ian said in a hard tone. â€Å"Can do.† Jeb slouched off, looking for more hands. Ian hurried me toward the hospital cave. â€Å"Kyle could be really hurt†¦ Jeb should hurry.† â€Å"Kyle’s head is harder than any rock in this place.† The long tunnel felt longer than usual. Was Kyle dying, despite my efforts? Was he conscious again and looking for me? What about Walter? Was he sleeping†¦ or gone? Had the Seeker given up her hunt, or would she be back now that it was light again? Will Jared still be with Doc? Mel added her questions to mine. Will he be angry when he sees you? Will he know me? When we reached the sunlit southern cave, Jared and Doc didn’t look like they’d moved much. They leaned, side by side, against Doc’s makeshift desk. It was quiet as we approached. They weren’t talking, just watching Walter sleep. They started up with wide eyes as Ian carried me into the light and laid me on the cot next to Walter’s. He straightened my right leg carefully. Walter was snoring. That sound eased some of my tension. â€Å"What now?† Doc demanded angrily. He was bending over me as soon as the words were out, wiping at the blood on my cheek. Jared’s face was frozen in surprise. He was being careful, not letting the expression give way to anything else. â€Å"Kyle,† Ian answered at the same time that I said, â€Å"The floor -â€Å" Doc looked back and forth between us, confused. Ian sighed and rolled his eyes. Absently, he laid one hand lightly on my forehead. â€Å"The floor crumbled by the first river hole. Kyle fell back and cracked his head on a rock. Wanda saved his worthless life. She says she fell, too, when the floor gave.† Ian gave Doc a meaningful look. â€Å"Something,† he said the word sarcastically, â€Å"bashed the back of her head pretty good.† He started listing. â€Å"Her nose is bleeding but not broken, I don’t think. She’s got some damage to the muscle here.† He touched my sore thigh. â€Å"Knees sliced up pretty good, got her face again, but I think maybe I did that, trying to pull Kyle out of the hole. Shouldn’t have bothered.† Ian muttered the last part. â€Å"Anything else?† Doc asked. At that moment, his fingers, probing along my side, reached the place where Kyle had punched me. I gasped. Doc tugged my shirt up, and I heard both Ian and Jared hiss at what they saw. â€Å"Let me guess,† Ian said in a voice like ice. â€Å"You fell on a rock.† â€Å"Good guess,† I agreed, breathless. Doc was still touching my side, and I was trying to hold back whimpers. â€Å"Might have broken a rib, not sure,† Doc murmured. â€Å"I wish I could give you something for the pain -â€Å" â€Å"Don’t worry about that, Doc,† I panted. â€Å"I’m okay. How’s Walter? Did he wake up at all?† â€Å"No, it will take some time to sleep that dose off,† Doc said. He took my hand and started bending my wrist, my elbow. â€Å"I’m okay.† His kind eyes were soft as he met my gaze. â€Å"You will be. You’ll just have to rest for a while. I’ll keep an eye on you. Here, turn your head.† I did as he asked, and then winced while he examined my wound. â€Å"Not here,† Ian muttered. I couldn’t see Doc, but Jared threw Ian a sharp look. â€Å"They’re bringing Kyle. I’m not having them in the same room.† Doc nodded. â€Å"Probably wise.† â€Å"I’ll get a place ready for her. I’ll need you to keep Kyle here until†¦ until we decide what to do with him.† I started to speak, but Ian put his fingers on my lips. â€Å"All right,† Doc agreed. â€Å"I’ll tie him down, if you want.† â€Å"If we have to. Is it okay to move her?† Ian glanced toward the tunnel, his face anxious. Doc hesitated. â€Å"No,† I whispered, Ian’s fingers still touching my mouth. â€Å"Walter. I want to be here for Walter.† â€Å"You’ve saved all the lives you can save today, Wanda,† Ian said, his voice gentle and sad. â€Å"I want to say†¦ to say good-goodbye.† Ian nodded. Then he looked at Jared. â€Å"Can I trust you?† Jared’s face flushed with anger. Ian held up his hand. â€Å"I don’t want to leave her here unprotected while I find her a safe place,† Ian said. â€Å"I don’t know if Kyle will be conscious when he arrives. If Jeb shoots him, it will upset her. But you and Doc should be able to handle him. I don’t want Doc to be on his own, and force Jeb’s hand.† Jared spoke through clenched teeth. â€Å"Doc won’t be on his own.† Ian hesitated. â€Å"She’s been through hell in the past couple of days. Remember that.† Jared nodded once, teeth still clamped together. â€Å"I’ll be here,† Doc reminded Ian. Ian met his gaze. â€Å"Okay.† He leaned over me, and his luminous eyes held mine. â€Å"I’ll be back soon. Don’t be afraid.† â€Å"I’m not.† He ducked in and touched his lips to my forehead. No one was more surprised than I, though I heard Jared gasp quietly. My mouth hung open as Ian wheeled and nearly sprinted from the room. I heard Doc pull a breath in through his teeth, like a backward whistle. â€Å"Well,† he said. They both stared at me for a long moment. I was so tired and sore, I barely cared what they were thinking. â€Å"Doc -† Jared started to say something in an urgent tone, but a clamor from the tunnel interrupted him. Five men struggled through the opening. Jeb, in front, had Kyle’s left leg in his arms. Wes had the right leg, and behind them, Andy and Aaron worked to support his torso. Kyle’s head lolled back over Andy’s shoulder. â€Å"Stars, but he’s heavy,† Jeb grunted. Jared and Doc sprang forward to help. After a few minutes of cursing and groaning, Kyle was lying on a cot a few feet away from mine. â€Å"How long has he been out, Wanda?† Doc asked me. He pulled Kyle’s eyelids back, letting the sunlight shine into his pupils. â€Å"Um†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I thought quickly. â€Å"As long as I’ve been here, the ten minutes or so it took Ian to carry me here, and then maybe five more minutes before that?† â€Å"At least twenty minutes, would you say?† â€Å"Yes. Close to that.† While we were consulting, Jeb had made his own diagnosis. No one paid any attention as he came to stand at the head of Kyle’s cot. No one paid any attention-until he turned an open bottle of water over Kyle’s face. â€Å"Jeb,† Doc complained, knocking his hand away. But Kyle sputtered and blinked, and then moaned. â€Å"What happened? Where did it go?† He started to shift his weight, trying to look around. â€Å"The floor†¦ is moving†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Kyle’s voice had my fingers clenching the sides of my cot and panic washing through me. My leg ached. Could I limp away? Slowly, perhaps†¦ â€Å"‘S okay,† someone murmured. Not someone. I would always know that voice. Jared moved to stand between my cot and Kyle’s, his back to me, his eyes on the big man. Kyle rolled his head back and forth, groaning. â€Å"You’re safe,† Jared said in a low voice. He didn’t look at me. â€Å"Don’t be afraid.† I took a deep breath. Melanie wanted to touch him. His hand was close to mine, resting on the edge of my cot. Please, no, I told her. My face hurts quite enough as it is! He won’t hit you. You think. I’m not willing to risk it. Melanie sighed; she yearned to move toward him. It wouldn’t have been so hard to bear if I weren’t yearning also. Give him time, I pleaded. Let him get used to us. Wait till he really believes. She sighed again. â€Å"Aw, hell!† Kyle grumbled. My gaze flickered toward him at the sound of his voice. I could just see his bright eyes around Jared’s elbow, focused on me. â€Å"It didn’t fall!† he complained. How to cite The Host Chapter 33: Doubted, Essay examples

Leadership Styles in Organizational Management free essay sample

A look at leadership styles in organizational management that incorporates economic changes and new workforce requirements. This paper examines various changes in workforce and economic requirements and the type of leadership styles necessary to deal with such changes. The author examines theories such as the situational leadership theory that takes such changes into consideration. Organizational management is an interdisciplinary field dedicated to better understanding and more effective, efficient management of human resources in an organization. It is both research and application oriented, drawing on a diverse array of disciplines, including psychology, management, sociology, social psychology, statistics, anthropology, general systems theory, economics, information technology, vocational counseling, stress management, psychometrics, ergonomics and ethics. This combination of diverse factors and perspectives has spawned many competing theories about human work behavior; in fact, in the mind-1980s, a researcher had identified 110 separate and distinct theories about behavior and organizational management (Miner, 1984, p. 307).

Starbucks Marketing Plan for VIA Instant Coffee in India

Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Starbucks Marketing Plan for VIA Instant Coffee in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Since ages Indians have been more inclined towards tea rather than coffee. As such, marketing coffee in India can be a tough job. But owing to the marketing strategies of companies like Starbucks, a trend of coffee drinking has started picking up, especially among the younger generation. It should be understood that the market trends differ from country to country. The existing managerial literature proves that the marketing strategies available for internalization are not basically the same across cultures (Cayla Arnould, 2008; Mitra Golder, 2002). This report analyzes and justifies a marketing plan for the introduction of Starbucks VIA instant coffee into the Indian market. Appendix 1 demonstrates the graphical representation of the marketing plan. VIA instant coffee is a ve nture that has been over two decades in the making for Starbucks as the corporation readied itself to have a commanding market share in the $21 billion instant coffee market (Business Pundit, n.d.). The major reason behind Starbucks decision to introduce the product is to capture the immense consumer market available in India as the country is home to at least 1.03 billion people and is the second most populated country in the world after China (Johnson Tellis, 2008). In this report, we shall analyse the performance of Starbucks using SWOT and PESTEL analysing methods.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Company Overview, Mission Objective Starbuck’s principal mission is â€Å"†¦to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time† (Starbucks Company Profile, 2011 para. 4). Market Analysis/Audit External Audit This kind of audit is done on variables that the organization cannot control. One of the most commonly used tool for analysing the market of any product is PESTEL. It means the Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal aspects that may affect any business. Figure 1: PESTEL Analysis Economic India is currently the fifth largest economy in purchasing power parity, not mentioning its growing middle class and youth with more disposable income (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Political India is a huge democratic country and the government is engaged in the welfare of its citizens through various economic policies. The infrastructure system of India is becoming better day by day. Technological India is a fast developing country and as such, the modern technological inventions are being adopted in all spheres of life.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Starbucks Marketing Plan for VIA Instant Coffee in India specifically for you for onl y $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social-cultural Starbucks may experience uncertainty avoidance from local consumers due to the predominantly Indian tea-drinking culture. The company may also face a cultural distance between its own marketing strategies and those of its partners in joint ventures (Heerden Barter, 2008). Mistakes arising from misunderstandings of Starbucks brand names in the speciality coffee industry may also arise. The enormous diversity of India, which is typified by inconsistent policies and social-economic inequalities, may also serve as a hindrance (Johnson Tellis, 2008). As groundwork for foundation, Starbucks has been engaged in some social activities in India. According to Sandra Taylor, Senior Vice President of Starbucks’ Corporate Social Responsibility observed, â€Å"We have one effort with our Tazo division and with Mercy Corps, where we are supporting projects in 24 villages in Darjeeling, India, a tea-farming area. One project is t o improve water and sanitation.† (As cited by Michelli 2006, p165). Legal India has stringent policies regarding foreign-owned businesses. Environmental There are many social groups in India that are engaged in the preservation of the environment against pollution. These groups stage protests against companies that are responsible for any kind of pollution. If Starbucks has to face such protests, it will tarnish the company image. But since Starbucks follows the ‘Fair Trade Movement’ policy, it doesn’t have to worry. Market trends: According to BusinessWire (2011), â€Å"†¦the market for coffee in India has been growing steadily as consumers are becoming more acceptable towards international and premium brands† (para. 4). Internal Audit This type is done on variables than can be controlled by the organizationAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Current Market Position Starbucks is the unparalleled market leader in the coffeehouse business, operating more than 17,000 retail outlets in over 55 countries around the world (Starbucks Company Profile, 2011). Target Market Traditional target market for Starbucks includes the â€Å"affluent, well-educated, white collar customers† between the ages of 25 and 44. As the company expand internationally, an emergent target market consists of the â€Å"younger, less well-educated customers in a lower income bracket† (Moon Quelch, 2003). Profit Margins The company posted a 28% increase in fourth quarter profit of the 2011 fiscal year on sustained strong sales at existing retail outlets. For the quarter, â€Å"†¦Starbucks earned $385 million, or 47 cents a share, up from $278.9 million, or 37 cents a share, in the same 2010 period† (Andrejczak, 2011 para. 1). SWOT Analysis Strengths Analysis Taking advantage of opportunities Starbucks VIA instant coffee provides a good opportunity for entering the rapidly growing instant coffee category that other multinational coffee houses cannot match, not mentioning that the company has a good retail opportunity due to its foodservice and product line-up (Thompson Arsel, 2004). Strong financial base Starbucks is a very profitable enterprise reinforced by a strong financial base, thus allowing the entity to expand globally through undertaking new business ventures. International recognition Starbucks brands in the speciality coffee industry has won international recognition. The company continues to maintain a global presence. Its extensive brand recognition has turned into brand preference and eventually into brand loyalty, assisting the company to maintain a strong customer base (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Weaknesses Analysis Weak position in the Indian market The company is yet to make inroads into the Indian tea-drinking culture and it is expected that it may meet challenges trying to establish itself (Johnson Tellis, 2008). High concentrations in the United States This implies that the company may suffer great financial losses if the U.S. retail stores underperform because of harsh economic conditions or intense competition. Opportunities Analysis Opportunities for Global Expansion Starbucks can expand its revenue base by expanding its global operations in countries with rapid economic growth such as India and China (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Co-branding Starbucks can enter into brand-franchising agreements with other partners in emerging markets to boost its sales, reputation and competitiveness (Johnson Tellis, 2008). Threats Analysis Highly competitive market The main competitors of Starbucks in India are Cafe Coffee Day and Barista. Socio-political Groups There are certain social and political groups that are opposed to foreign products. Even though the number of such groups is limited, they can create unnecessary nuisance. Assumptions Assumptions are critical in any market ing plan as they function to standardize the planning environment (McDonald Keegan, 2002). This plan assumes that: VIA instant coffee will achieve a market segment of 10 percent before December 2012 as Starbucks engage more partners and franchises in the Indian market. Price competition for the instant coffee market in India will force price levels down by 15% across the board Marketing Objectives Strategies Marketing Objectives Creating a Starbucks experience that makes customers in India to visit established outlets for the coffee, stay for the striking environment, and return for the connection To build an image and reputation separate from competitors aimed at creating brand loyalty Marketing Strategies Starbuck’s market strategy revolves around â€Å"†¦a deal to buy coffee beans from Tata Coffee, an Indian Company, and work with that firm’s affiliates to open stores in hotels and inside other retail stores† (Bajaj, 2011 para. 2). Segmentation Positi oning: Venkatesh (2011) notes that â€Å"†¦market segmentation is a strategy in which a large heterogeneous market is broken down into small homogenous segments and a separate marketing program is developed for each segment† (p. 15). The market segment selected for VIA instant coffee is the high-end consumer segment and the strategy used will be price discrimination. Estimation of Expected Results It is expected that the introduction of VIA instant coffee into the Indian market will assist Starbucks to rapidly expand its retail operations and increase growth in its speciality sales and other operations. It is also expected that customers will achieve higher satisfaction levels Identification of Alternative Plans and Mixes Alternative Plan Based on initial sales of VIA instant coffee, the company may decide to introduce a new instant coffee product to target the middle class. Sheth (2011) observes that â€Å"the new middle class, especially in large population markets in China and India, is creating large-scale first-time buyers of everything† (p. 167). Marketing Mix for VIA Instant Coffee Product The product – VIA instant coffee – falls under the category of convenience products since it can be purchased from selected retail outlets and supermarkets. It lacks the signature bitterness and darker-roast temperament of brewed Starbucks coffee, thus is seen as an excellent choice to compete in traditional tea-drinking cultures such as India (Business Pundit, n.d.). Price VIA instant coffee will be marketed to the higher-end consumer bracket, thus will retail at a premium price. The company wishes to use the high price tag to demonstrate the high value of the product and its commitment to adequately satisfy customer needs and demands. Chan et al (2010) are of the opinion that an effective price discrimination strategy communicates the unique value of a particular product to the customers. Place The place where a product first premier ed and the distribution networks that exist to ensure the product is adequately restocked are critical success factors for any internalization exercise (Chandrasekaran Tellis, 2008; Douglas Craig, 2011). VIA instant coffee is set to premier in the cities of Mumbai and New Delhi due to their affluent upper class and high population rates. Promotion Promotional activities are critical in exposing the product to the local audience and in targeting marketing communications with the view to elicit positive responses from the targeted audience (Narayan Manchanda, 2009). Starbucks promotional activities revolve around the word of mouth. Budget Marketing and other related activities are costly and, as such, organizations intending to launch new products into global markets must prepare adequately if they are to succeed in their endeavours. Starbucks financial objective obligates management to use the lower store-opening costs model (of up to $ 315,000 per store) when expanding to ensure that expenditures do not exceed returns (Moon Quelch, 2003; Keller, 2011). First Year Implementation Programme Starbucks will embark on partnering with local enterprises that share in the values and commitments of the company. The product will be initially introduced into two of such partnerships in Mumbai and New Delhi to evaluate uptake before comprehensive roll-out strategy into other major cities across India is kicked off in Mid March 2012. Although TV commercials will be aired in mainstream channels to introduce the new product, the main promotional strategy will be through word of mouth. A Market research survey will be done in September 2012 to assess customer attitudes and market share. Conclusion Studies demonstrate that most organizations target to enter international markets not only to exploit their existing competitive advantages (Tsai Eisingerich, 2010; Mayrhofer, 2004), but also to sustain and develop their strategic positioning (Couturier Sola, 2010; Gregory, 200 2). Other factors, such as profits and growth targets, international market opportunities, economies of scale, intense competition in traditional markets, saturated existing market and proximity to global consumers, may also account (Hollensen, 2010). With the introduction of VIA instant coffee into the mainstream Indian market, Starbucks will not only be aiming to enhance its competitiveness but also its strategic positioning. List of References Andrejczak, M., (2011). Starbucks Profit up 28%, Hikes Divided. MarketWatch. Web. Bajaj, V., (2011). A Starbucks Venture in Tea-Drinking India. The New York Times. Web. Business Wire, (2011). Research and Markets: Coffee Market in India 2011. Web. Cayla, J., Arnould, E. J., (2008). A Cultural Approach to Branding in the Global Marketplace. Journal of International Marketing, 16 (4), pp. 86-112. Chan, K. W., Yim, C. K., Lam, Simon S. K., (2010). Is Customer Participation in Value Creation a Double-Edged Sword? Evidence from Professional Fi nancial Services across Cultures. Journal of Marketing, 74 (3), pp. 48-64. Chandrasekaran, D., Tellis, G. J., (2008). Global Takeoff of New Product: Culture, Wealth, or Vanishing Difference? Marketing Science, 27 (5), pp. 844-860. Couturier, J., Sola, D., (2010). International Market Entry Decisions: The role of Local Market Factors. Journal of General Management, 35 (4), pp. 45-63. Douglas, S. P., Craig, C. S., (2011). Convergence and Divergence: Developing a Semiglobal Marketing Strategy. Journal of Marketing, 19 (1), pp. 82-101. Gregory, J. R., 2002, Branding across Cultures, Prentice Hall, London. Hollensen, S., (2010). Global Marketing: A Decision-Oriented Approach. 5 ed. London: Pearson Education. Johnson, J., Tellis, G. J., (2008). Drivers of Success for Market Entry into China and India. Journal of Marketing, 72 (3), pp. 1-13. Keller, K. L., (2011). How to Navigate the Future of Brand Management. Marketing Management, 20 (2), pp. 36-43. Mayrhofer, U., (2004). Internation al Market Entry: Does the Home Country Affect Entry-Mode Decisions? Journal of International Marketing, 12 (4), pp. 71-96. McDonald, M., Keegan, W. J., (2002).  Marketing Plans that Work. 2nd ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Michelli, J., 2006. Starbucks Experience, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi. Mitra, D., Golder, P. N., (2002). Whose Culture Matters? Near-Market Knowledge and its Impact on Foreign Market Entry Timing. Journal of Marketing Research, 39 (3), pp. 350-365. Moon, Y., Quelch, J., (2003). Starbucks: Delivering Customer Service. Harvard Business School. Narayan, S., Manchanda, P., (2009). Heterogenous Learning and the Targeting of Marketing Communication for New Products. Marketing Science, 28 (3), pp. 424-441. Sheth, J. N., (2011). Impact of Emerging Markets on Marketing: Rethinking Existing Perspectives and Practices. Journal of Marketing, 75 (4), pp. 166-182. Starbucks Company Profile, (2011). Web. Thompson, C. J., Arsel, Z., (2004). The Starbucks Brandscape and Consumers’ (Anticorporate) Experiences of Glocalization. Journal of Consumer Research, 33 (3), 631-642. Tsai, H. T., Eisingerich, A. B., (2010). Internalization Strategies of Emerging Markets Firms. California Management Review, 53 (1), pp. 114-135. Venkatesh, R., (2011). New Parameters in Market Segmentation – Ethnic Marketing is the Key. Advances in Management, 4 (11), pp. 15-19. Appendix Figure 1: Marketing Plan (McDonald Keegan, 2002) This report on Starbucks Marketing Plan for VIA Instant Coffee in India was written and submitted by user Mina Lester to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Roe V. Wade Essay

Roe V. Wade Essay Roe V. Wade Essay Case Analysis of Roe v. Wade Approximately 22% of all U.S. pregnancies end in abortion. What percentages do you think that would be without Roe v. Wade? The case of Roe v. Wade was a case filed by â€Å"Jane Roe† an unmarried woman who wanted to safely and legally end her pregnancy. Fact and History On Jan 22 1973, the US Supreme Court came to a decision on the case Roe v. Wade. The Court ruled under the Fourteenth Amendment that the constitution right to privacy is general enough to include a woman’s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. Previously, it was illegal to have an abortion unless it was to save a mother’s life or for the other limited reasons. Now women are free to have an abortion for any given reason while the baby is still in the first trimester. Abortions performed after that must have a reason due to the health of either the child or of the mother. Constitutional Implications During the Roe v. Wade case, the use of the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments was brought forth in legalizing abortions. The Ninth Amendment states that, â€Å"The enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.† This amendment initially explains that people have a right to privacy. A lower court based their decision on this amendment, which is a part of the Bill of Rights. However, the Supreme Court based their decision on the Fourteenth Amendment, which says, â€Å"Citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, without due process of law.† Simply, what you choose to do with your life is up to you, and is not within the government’s jurisdiction. This is just another form of privacy rights. The case began December 13, 1971 when Norma L. McCorvey (who went by the alias Jane Roe) decided she wanted to get an abortion. Roe first attempted to claim she was raped so that she could have a legal abortion but since there were not police records of a rape ever occurring that idea failed. After that, she went to a place that did illegal abortions but the police closed the place down before she was ever able to. Eventually she was referred to an attorney and decided to fight to change the rules on

Battle Royal Essays - Social Philosophy, Philosophy Of Life

Battle Royal After I read the story "Battle Royal" by Ralf Ellison, I could not restrain my thoughts about issues of morality and what it has to do with reality, from clashing in to one another in my mind. As these two completely different ideas were pushing me to the brink of madness, my mind began to click. The swirling messy cocktail of two abstract ideas started taking shape as I began remembering what I had learned earlier in school, and from my summer readings. At this point I came to the realization that a persons reality, that is that persons mental reflection of the society and or time in which he or she live in, is consistent with that persons morality or standards of right and wrong. I realize that my concept of a person's reality being consistent with morality is quite confusing. I also except the fact that there are always exceptions to rules. In this case it being that some peoples moralities contradicting their reality. However this realization of mine makes perfect sense to me, an d I will attempt to explain my thoughts to you in hopes that by the time you are finished reading this essay you will understand what I mean. The story "Battle Royal" is the key in understanding and seeing the relationship between morality and reality. The characters in this story, namely the grandfather and his grandson, reveal to us their individuality, principles, morals, and ethics doing so they unfold a map that reveals their mental reality. Because their principals, morals and ethics reveal to us their mental reality, then their mental reality discloses the reality of the society in which they live in. However to clarify my thoughts I will use Book 5 of Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" to elaborate more about reality and morality. And from that I will show you how the grandson breaks away from the reality that he is been taught to see, and steps in to the light that his grandfather guide's him too before he dies. "Battle Royal" is a story about a black boy that is psychologically wakened when he overhears what his grandfather says at his deathbed to his father. This boy, before he realizes who he really is, and his social standing in the society that he lives, is searching to find himself. However this search is filled with many obstacles, because he lives in a time when people of his status are conditioned to act, talk, and behave in a certain way. Our hero's journey toward the light (truth) is started a long time ago. However in the beginning he is unable to get on the right course, due to the wrong advice he is given by different people; he says it as "All my life I was looking for something, and every were that I turned someone tried to tell me what it was. I accepted their answers too, though they were often in contradiction" (448). Because each time that he accepts their advice he is little by little pushed off the right track. It is not until he realizes that he is searching for himself, and instead of asking others questions, he needs to ask the questions to himself. Once he discovers whom to turn to, he begins a long and difficult journey in which he realizes that he is a unique person, he puts it as, "I am nobody but myself."(449). This means that he is unique and he is who he is, black. However before he comes to this enlightenment he discovers that he is an "invisible man"(449). He marks himself invisible because in the society in which a person is unheard and unseen by others is invisible. At that point our young friend's problem is clear. He is a black boy in a White men's world, in which he is not see or heard. Yet he still does not know what to do about it, well at-least not until he hears his grandfathers words to his father: Son, after I'm gone I want you to keep up a good fight. I never told you, but your life is a war and I have been a traitor all my born days, a spy

The Historical Development of the Educational System of Tanzania And Essay

The Historical Development of the Educational System of Tanzania And How It Works Today - Essay Example This essay stresses that after the Second World War, the British initiated the capitalist movement in the hope that mass education would stimulate the community development. Literacy provided was only to the extent that farming would increase. Post independence, the situation changed to a great deal, in which Julius Nyerere had a very significant role to play. This essay would examine the changes in the educational system, the contribution of Nyerere, the positive and negative aspects of Swahili, and the importance of English in the Tanzania educational system. This paper makes a conclusion that private investment is necessary to foster a learning environment which would help in imparting both knowledge and technology. Even it is the agricultural sector, advanced technology can help reap the maximum benefits. The education sector has hitherto suffered due to poor resource allocation. External finance would be required to cover the shortfalls that would enable the government to fulfil its goals. The World Bank, the EU, the Netherlands, SIDA, JICA, Ireland Aid, GTZ, Finland, Norway, and CIDA are all contributing to the primary education sub-sector (Riddell). What is required is the recruitment and upgradation of teachers, trained administrative and financial managers to run the school, and empowerment of school committees. Complementary basic education today functions to absorb the absorb the out-of-school, over-age children but its role has to be enhanced.

EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE IMERGING OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN GHANA(CAN Essay

EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE IMERGING OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN GHANA(CAN GHANA AVOID A RESOURSE CURSE) - Essay Example Whether or not Ghana’s current institutional framework will be capable of meeting the challenges posed by oil exploitation, and will be able to use this opportunity to bring greater prosperity and stability to the country, is a difficult question. In this paper, the reasons why other oil producers have failed to make a success of this industry will be examined. Having made this analysis, recommendations will be given for how Ghana can channel its new mineral wealth into strong economic growth and an improvement in living standards across the country. Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 West African Oil Production 1.2 Western Interests 1.3 Advantages of West African Oil 1.4 The ‘Resource Curse’ 1.5 Ghana 1.6 Oil Exploitation in Ghana 1.7 Drilling Begins 1.8 Chinese Interest 2. Literature Review 2.1 Ghana’s Success 2.2 Kosmos-Exxon Mobil Contract 2.3 Warnings of a Resource Curse 2.4 The Beginnings of Insurgency 2.5 Excessive Borrowing 2.6 The Nigerian Experience 3. Methodology 3.1 Choice of Subject 3.2 Data Collection and Analysis 4. Recommendations 4.1 Democracy 4.2 Transparency and Accountability 4.3 Investor Confidence 4.4 Role of Foreign Oil Companies and Governments 4.5 Revenue Management 4.6 A Diverse Economy 5. Conclusion Bibliography Figures Fig.1. Sources of U.S. Oil Imports, 2007 Fig.2. Ghana’s offshore oil fields. Fig.3. ... line from landlocked Chad to coastal Cameroon, and new explorations for potential oil fields on the Atlantic coast were signs that the region was becoming one of the West’s major oil suppliers. There is a general consensus that the proven reserves of West Africa are greater than those of either North American or Eastern Europe and Russia, and current major suppliers are Nigeria, Angola, Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon and Cameroon. Indeed, Nigeria is the world’s sixth largest provider of oil, and Angola will probably prove to have more oil than Kuwait. In response to increased Western demand for oil, it is expected that Nigeria and Angola, the region’s two biggest producers, will double or even triple their output in the course of the next decade. 1.2 Western Interests During the Cold War, the United States in particularly was heavily engaged in Africa in a strategic and military capacity, as part of its fight against global communism. Its administrations were determi ned that the Soviet Union would be able to find extensive allies in the region. Economic assistance was offered through the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), both of which are heavily influenced by the United States government. United States engagement also the form of military intervention, in regions where Communist insurgencies threatened capitalist governments, regardless of whether or not the latter were setting an example of good governance. In Angola, for example, the United States launched covert and overt CIA and special forces operations, in collusion with several different groups, and was concerned above all that Communist forces in the country should not gain control over the oil reserves. This often involved supporting unrepresentative governments in Luanda or the

Bill Clinton Sells Essay Example for Free

Bill Clinton Sells Essay Communication is a transfer of information from a person to another person or a group of people. The communication process is a when information is channeled from a source to a receiver. The information is the message sent by a source through a certain channel for an intended receiver. There are a lot of instances that communication occurs. When we talk with other people, when we do body languages, and even when we stare someone in the eye, we communicate. A very common form of information is through verbal exchange, or the use of words. This can be seen in situations involving one person talking to another, or one person talking to a number of people. The latter is the form of communication which addresses a greater audience, and is evident in public speeches. It is a good way to disseminate information, and is effectively used by people who deal with other people, including politicians. The speech that will be analyzed is given by ex-President Bill Clinton, in one of his public appearances in 2006. He talks about developing a World view as a way to promote order and that there is a need for a New World Order for the country in order to lessen the problems of our times. In analyzing the speech, we first need to look at the speaker. He is Bill Clinton, the ex-President. Most of us know him, because for some time he has been a public figure, an important one at that. If we are going to assess his credibility to talk about the topic and world view and a new world order, we can say that he is indeed credible (Beebe Beebe, 2000). He has in his name a few years of public service, with the last position he took was the highest position in all of the country. With his background, it is evident that he is well versed with how politics works, with how the world works, of how the global community interacts, which is why it won’t be a waste of our time to here him speak his ideas for a better future. The next step is to analyze the event. It was a gathering of people, which is not limited to high ranking officials and people who are well to do in the society. The event is for the purpose of informing the people, of trying to educate them to somehow alleviate them from the hardships they are encountering. Another element to take into consideration is the speech. His speech was about having a world view. He states that in order to understand fully the things that happen in our society and even in ourselves, we need to have a worldview, something that we can associate our ideas with. This is to determine which side are we on with the things that are happening around us. He associated this world view to the creation of a new world order which would stem out from our collaboration and interaction with other nations and other nations’ people. The organizational pattern used in the speech was problem-solution, wherein it somehow opens our eyes to things that we can do in order to deal with the problems that we currently have. Lastly, we would analyze the audience of the speech. The speech is directed to the general public. It includes the businessmen, the laborers, the workers, college students, and many more. It begs the audience to look inside them and reflect about his world view. It is a very big step in determining the solution to the problems of the times. The speech directed to the audience was much more informative rather than persuasive, though it gives suggestions as to how we should deal with the problems that we have today. Reference: Beebe, S. A. , Beebe, S. J. (2000). Public Speaking: An Audience-Centered Approach (4th Edition ed. ): Allyn Bacon. YouTube. (2006). Bill Clinton Sells the New World Order to US. Retrieved December 2, 2008, from http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=kvEqg_UlGaAfeature=related

Essay example --

Dalam kehidupan manusia dan dalam dunia matematik, kemahiran membuat anggaran adalah satu kemahiran yang amat penting. Seringkali kita perlu membuat anggaran tentang nilai-nilai di dalam kehidupan seharian kita. Ini termasuklah anggaran tentang duit, masa, jarak, berat dan sebagainya. Pembundaran adalah sejenis anggaran. Berdasarkan kepada kepentingan pembundaran dalam kehidupan seharian, maka amat wajar dan perlu strategi-strategi pembundaran nombor diajar di sekolah rendah lagi. Menbundarkan nombor adalah satu cara untuk mengganggar satu nombor bulat kepada digit tempat terdekat. Selain itu, pembundaran juga berperanan sebagai semakan kepada kemunasabahan kiraan yang tepat seperti ketika kita membuat sesuatu kiraan, kita perlu membuat anggarannya dahulu. Ia juga dapat membantu dalam kehidupan seharian kerana kebanyakan nombor-nombor yang ada di dalam bacaan adalah tidak tepat. Ia juga membantu untuk mengingat angka yang panjang dan besar. Pembundaran ini juga membantu murid berfi kir dan celik akal dan menghubungkan pengetahuan sedia ada. Secara tidak langsung, murid dapat mengembangkan bahasa, mudah berkomunikasi dengan rakan sebaya, guru, dan masyarakat. Murid juga akan termotivasi untuk berfikir bagi menyelesaikan masalah. Ia juga dapat membantu menganalisa situasi terutama sekiranya terdapat tawaran diskaun harga barangan di pasaraya-pasaraya. Murid akan belajar membuat keputusan dengan cepat, menggalakkan murid mengembangkan pemikiran berasas nombor dan memberi makna kepada pengiraan yang dibuat sekaligus membantu murid lebih konsisten dengan berdikari dalam menyelesaikan masalah yang dihadapi. Secara tidak langsung, ia meningkatkan lagi perkembangan kognitif dalam perkembangan individu supaya lebih cepat menyelesaikan ... ...ecara mental.Murid-murid juga akan tahu bagaimana membundarkan kepada nilai anggaran berdasarkan nilai tempat dan pengetahuan berguna ini boleh mereka gunakan di dalam kehidupan seharian mereka sebenarnya. Pada pendapat saya, dalam pendidikan matematik, guru perlu arif dalam strategi pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang dapat memupuk murid membina konsep dan menguasai kemahiran di samping menghayatinya dalam kehidupan seharian. Guru matematik perlu memaparkan sifat-sifat yang matang, berfikiran terbuka, kreatif, inovatif, konstruktif, rasional dan bijaksana (Nik Azis, 1996). Pengajaran matematik yang berkesan akan menghasilkan pembelajaran matematik yang mudah dan menyeronokkan. Oleh yang demikian, pengetahuan tentang isi kandungan, kaedah mengajar (pedagogi), dan gaya pembelajaran murid (psikologi) mestilah dikuasai sepenuhnya oleh para pendidik matematik.

Joseph Estrada and National Service Training Essay

Republic Act 9163 is an act establishing the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for tertiary level students. Its short title is â€Å"National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001. † It was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate of the Republic of the Philippines on December 19, 2001. It was subsequently approved by Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo last January 23, 2002. RA 9163 or the National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001 NSTP is â€Å"a program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by develop-ing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its three (3) program components. † (RA 9163). Section 2 Rule 1 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the NSTP Act states the role of the youth in nation-building. It says: 1.  In recognition of the vital role of the youth in nation-building, the State shall promote civic consciousness among them and shall develop their physical, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It shall inculcate the ideals of patriotism, nationalism, and advance their involvement in public and civic affairs. 2. As the most valuable resource of the nation, they shall be motivated, trained, organized and involved in military, literacy, civic welfare programs and other similar endeavors in the service of the nation. ROTC is â€Å"a program institutionalized under Sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act 7077 designed to provide mili-tary training to tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize and mobilize them for national defense preparedness. â€Å"(RA 9163). CWTS refers to â€Å"programs or activities contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and morals of the citizenry. (RA 9163). LTS is a ? â€Å"program designed to train students to become teachers of literacy and numeracy skills to school chil-dren, out of school youth, and other segments of society in need of their service. † (RA 9163). NSTP Act states that â€Å"all incoming freshmen students, male and female, starting School Year (SY) 2002-2003, enrolled in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical-voca tional or associate courses, are re-quired to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice, as a graduation requirement. † (RA9163 IRR). More-over, NSTP component chosen by the student shall be undertaken in two (2) terms and be credited for a 3-unit subject per term. Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable. Values have major influence on a person’s behavior and attitude and serve as broad guidelines in all situations. Some common business values are fairness, innovation and community involvement. 2. The monetary worth of something in areas such as accounting, economics, marketing or mathematics. A value can be defined as your personal belief on a moral or ethical issue. For example, those who have strong family values believe that families should always eat meals together. Those who have strong Christian values find it important to attend church each sunday. Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, research, or simply through autodidacticism. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts. The wealth of knowledge acquired by an individual after studying particular subject matters or experiencing life lessons that provide an understanding of something. Education requires instruction of some sort from an individual or composed literature. The most common forms of education result from years of schooling that incorporates studies of a variety of subjects. â€Å"

Describe and Evaluate Psychological Research Into Obedience

Obedience results from pressure to comply with authority. Children are taught to obey from an early age by their care givers, in order for them to conform in society. The authoritarian rule continues through their education and working life, and is then passed on to the next generation. This essay will focus on the work of the American psychologist Stanley Milgram. It will also look at other studies into obedience that evolved from Milgram’s experiments from the early 1960s. Stanley Milgram is one of the leading researchers into the psychology of obedience.Rice et al (2008) and was interested why thousands of German soldiers blindly obeyed orders that resulted in the death of millions of Jewish people during World War II. However if a soldier is obeying orders from their superiors, then should responsibility for the consequences be held to those superiors? But evidence suggests that there was a mass willingness of tens of thousands of people to cooperate with the Nazi regime, even to the extent of shopping neighbours to the Gestapo. Rice et al (2008). The Allies saw the Germans as an authoritarian, militaristic and obedient nation.Suggesting an explanation for this extreme behaviour. Adorno et al (1950) claimed that it was the authoritarian personality that was responsible for the persecution of the Jews in Nazi Germany. Milgram was sceptical of this, believing that obedience was owed more to the situation than to the national character of a particular nation. So in the early 1960s Milgram conducted a series of experiments to support his theory. The aim of Milgram’s Study of Obedience (1963) was to investigate how far people would go in obeying an authority figure. He advertised in local newspapers.The ad was for participation in a study of learning at Yale University. Participants would be paid $4. 50 just for turning up. Through the ads, Milgram had signed up 40 males between the ages of 20 to 50 with various occupations, and all came from a ran ge of educational backgrounds. Believing they were participating in the effects of punishment on learning, the participants were brought to a laboratory setting at Yale, where they would be individually tested. Here they met with the experimenter, dressed in a grey laboratory coat, who appeared stern and impassive throughout the experiment (Class Handout 1).The other participant present would be a confederate to the experiment, and through a fixed lottery, would always be given the role of learner. The participant would then see his apparent peer be strapped to a chair and then the experimenter would attach electrodes to him. The participant was given an initial trail shock of 45 volts, then moved behind a partition. The experiment required the participant to ask the confederate questions on word pairs. For each mistake that was made, the participant was to administer an electric shock to the learner, gradually increasing the voltage from 15 volts up to a lethal 450 volts.The only c ontact with the learner was through an intercom. Throughout the test, the participant would be observed by the experimenter. During the experiment the learner would constantly make mistakes. As the voltage would increase with each incorrect answer, at specific levels, the learner would protest about the shocks. Beginning with moans and groans, begging to be released, kicking the wall and at 315 volts there would be no further responses (Class Handout 1. As the shocks, and responses, increased many of the participants became upset.Three of the participants had uncontrollable seizures, one being so severe that the experiment had to be halted Rice et al (2008). Any questions the participants asked the experimenter during the test, whether it be a request to stop the experiment or asking about the welfare of the learner, would result in the experimenter responding with four verbal prods to continue. Only after the fourth prod would the experiment would finish or when the maximum amount of shocks had been delivered. The results showed that 65% of the participants continued to the maximum level.The results of the first experiment are difficult to generalise to the whole population as Milgram only used American males as participants. Therefore, in a series of follow up experiments, Milgram (1974) investigated factors which may vary the level of obedience. Rice et al (2008). Depending on the variations to the original experiments, the results changed considerably – with 92% complete obedience with the two teacher condition. This would be were the participant would be paired with a second confederate also playing the role of teacher.It would be the confederate delivering the shocks while the participant would only read the questions (Class Handout 1). The allocation of responsibility had now shifted to the confederate who was administering the shocks. The other notable change would be the social support condition which showed a significant drop, with only 10% co mplete obedience. Two more confederates would join the participant as teachers, but soon refused to obey. Most subjects stopped very soon after the others (Class Handout 1).This would imply that disobedience, or obedience, is more likely to happen when there is social pressure present. To test the ecological validity of Milgram’s work Bickman (1974) used 3 male experimenters, dressed in one of three ways: a sports coat and tie, a milkman’s uniform or a security guard's uniform. The experimenters randomly gave 153 pedestrians one of three orders. (Class Handout 2). Bickman found that most people obeyed the experimenter dressed as the guard. This might explain how obedience can be related to perceived authority – thus supporting Milgram’s findings.On the other hand the orders, unlike Milgram’s were not so unreasonable – and so in a public setting, it would be down to attitudes and individual differences as to whether people would comply with a ny mundane requests, regardless of what they are wearing. Support is also shown by the results of Hofling et al (1966). In this experiment at a hospital, twenty-two nurses were called by an unknown doctor (a confederate), requesting they administer drugs to a patient. The order from the doctor, if they went through with it, would have the nurses disobey three hospital rules.First of all, they didn’t know the doctor that was calling them. Second, they didn’t have written authorization. And finally, the dose that was instructed to be given was twice as high as the maximum dosage allowed, this was also stated on the medicine bottle. Despite this twenty-one out of twenty-two nurses obeyed the telephoned instructions, before they were stopped and the situation explained to them. Rice et al (2008) Since being in a natural setting, the study was ecologically valid with the results supporting Milgram's theory.However on the other hand there are clear ethical issues with this s tudy in that the nurses were deceived, there was no consent given prior to the experiment and they had no right to withdraw. With Milgram’s original experiment being carried out in the 1960s, it may suggest that his results can no longer be justifiable in today’s modern society. With the ethical guidelines of today, a replication of the study would now seem impossible. Nevertheless, after making variations to some of Milgram’s procedures, Burger (2007) managed to replicate Milgram’s experiment.Going as far as using the same words in the memory test and the experimenter's lab coat. The most critical changes were made to the ethical treatment of the participants. The experiment was stopped at the 150 volt mark, this was also the point of the first vocal feedback from the learner. From looking at Milgram’s data, participants who continued past 150 volts, 79 percent went all the way to 450 volts. Burger (2007). This allowed them to estimate what the pa rticipants would do if they where allowed to continue. Deception was a criticism of the original experiment.To avoid this, participants were told at least three times that they had the right to withdraw and still receive the full payment. The results were similar to that of more than four decades ago. With 70% willing to continue after the 150 volts. With no significant differences between genders and even with the ethical restrictions, this Study supports Milgram’s original results of well over forty years ago. Another criticism of Milgram’s research is that it was only conducted with Americans and so lacks cross-cultural validity.The experiment has now been replicated across the globe, with the majority of studies showing high levels of obedience, with participants continuing to the maximum shock level. Ranging from 90% in Spain, 80% in Italy, Germany and Austria and 50% in the UK. Rice et al (2008). One exception to this would be in Australia, Kilham & Mann (1974) i n one variation of their experiments, their results showed a minor 16% obedience rate of the subjects, in comparison to Milgram’s original 65%.On the other hand, when looking at the methodology on this particular variation, there are a few notable changes. First of all the general population (male and female variations) that Milgram used had now been replaced by all female students. However the biggest difference is the confederate that was used in the Australian sample – they used a fellow female student. This may of impacted on the participants' willingness to cause pain to someone they saw as equal to themselves, thus resulting in the lower percentage of obedience.In general the results from the cultural and geographical variations continue to support Milgram’s findings. Throughout all the criticisms of Milgram’s early work, the general reliability and validity of these experiments from the early 1960s (as already discussed) have been continued through to modern times, across cultural variations and in and out of the laboratory setting. The results, although varying in some degrees (dependent upon the methodology used in the later studies) still show that people will obey authority even when it violates their core values and lead them to harm others.A criticism that persistently follows the Milgram experiment has been the ethical treatment of the participants in the experiment. Milgram's main defence centres on the debrief that all participants received afterwards. They all received a full report of the procedure and findings. They were also sent a questionnaire to complete which showed that a high percentage of participants stated they were happy they took part in the experiment. So although the experiment did breach today’s ethical guidelines, on the other hand Milgram did not breach these guidelines, since they did not exist at the time.

Ardagh Group International Management Trainee Programme. Essays

Ardagh Group International Management Trainee Programme. Essays Ardagh Group International Management Trainee Programme. Essay Ardagh Group International Management Trainee Programme. Essay Have you got global ambition? Explore our world on the Ardagh Group International Management Trainee Programme. Ardagh Group is one of the largest rigid packaging manufacturers in the world. We operate 100 facilities in 26 countries, specialising in research, development and production of metal and glass containers for the world’s biggest brands, manufacturing  32 billion containers a year. We’re looking for proactive, ambitious, dynamic new talent to join our other 18,000 employees to become future leaders of our company. The challenge: gt; Spend 30 months working in our business across multiple specialities (Corporate and plant operations,   commercial, IT, HR, procurement) Tackle various strategic business assignments Maximise your opportunity to develop a long-term career at Ardagh The requirements: Graduate with a Masters or Bachelor degree Maximum of three years’ working experience Essential: English-speaking and able to travel Willing to learn ad ditional languages Ideally an engineering, economic, business or financial background Flexible, results-driven team player gt; Be prepared to regularly re-locate and work in multiple countries The reward: Intensive leadership and management development International travel and all-round global business experience Work in a technical, challenging operational environment Clear career paths and future opportunities after programme Professional development programme Competitive benefit package All you have to ask yourself is:   ‘Am I ready to take on the world? ’ Application You must answer every question for your application to be considered. Please answer each of the following questions in 150 words of less: . Why do you want to be an Ardagh Group International Trainee? 2. Think of a goal that you have achieved and are proud of. Tell us what the goal was, describe how you achieved it, and explain why you are proud of it. 3. Think about an individual or a team th at you have helped achieve a goal. Tell us whether you led of supported the effort, and describe what you did. 4. Describe how you ensure that you communicate effectively with others. 5. Think about a team that you belong to. Briefly describe your role within that team and tell us what you like about it. 6. Describe how you have tackled a problem to deliver a successful project or action. 7. Give one example of a mistake you have made, including what you have learned from it. 8. Describe what ‘TRUST’ means to you and tell us how you build trust with others. We look forward to receiving your application including the answers of the questions above, motivation and c. v. Please send it to: Astrid. [emailprotected] com Closing date: 15 April 2013 More information and applications: Internet:  www. ardaghgroup. com HR:Astrid Portegies: +31 13 579 2911 / Astrid. [emailprotected] com

Criminal Law Undergraduate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Law Undergraduate - Essay Example Sami wins the race. As Sami is on the winner’s podium to receive his medal, Leila, in protest that her home was compulsorily purchased to make way for the Velodrome, where the cycling has taken place, throws paint over the suit of the official presenting the medals. In order to determine the criminal liability of Sami and Leila it will be necessary to consider any possible offence that might have been committed under the Criminal Damage Act 1971. For completeness, consideration should also be given to any form of assault charge that either might face following their actions. Consideration will need to be given to the requisite actus reus and mens rea of any possible offences, as well as any possible defences each party might raise to minimise their actions. In order to determine possible charges it will be necessary to examine the wording of the 1971 Act, to analyse the required elements of the offence. (1)A person who without lawful excuse destroys or damages any property belonging to another intending to destroy or damage any such property or being reckless as to whether any such property would be destroyed or damaged shall be guilty of an offence. When considering the criminal liability of Sami it is also necessary to consider the seriousness of his actions, as the loosening of the screw on the bicycle was likely to cause Karl to have an accident, which could have been fatal. The 1971 Act deals specifically with such a possibility. Under s1(2) it states According to the 1971 Act, a person can be said to have the necessary mens rea for the offence if they either intended to damage the property of another, or were reckless as to whether their actions might cause such damage. It is therefore not necessary to prove that they had direct intention, but merely that they ought to have perceived that their actions might cause damage. One of the elements the court will consider when determining whether the actions of

Short research report explaining a recent innovation in your area of Assignment

Short research report explaining a recent innovation in your area of interest or expertise - Assignment Example I happen to work as a junior assistant manager in Ufone mobile manufacturing company, and after reading various authentic research reports about the revolutionary features of Symbian 3 technology, I think that supporting this feature in the mobiles can really make any company stand in the mainstream. According to Tofel, Symbian- in accordance with its dynamic approach has successfully introduced a totally new horizon in the form of Symbian 3 to the mobile software engineers and common public by giving them a chance to enjoy easy application programming. The new web development tools introduced by the Symbian 3 operating system are extremely easy-to-use and convenient for the users, allowing them to access most of the important applications from the home screen at the same time. I feel that my company needs to make this software technology its top most priority because the addition of this amazing feature in our cell phones will significantly change the way the customers see our mobil es. The broad range of effective application and software development tools like multi-touch gesture support offered by Symbian 3 is greatly capable of affecting the productivity and customer satisfaction scale in a positive way (Symbian^3). Positive effects of Symbian 3 on the mobile manufacturing industry: According to Spence, Symbian 3 has managed in influencing the mobile industry in such a huge way that it is reported to be undergoing the biggest change as yet seen in the history. Reportedly, almost 314000 latest high-end smartphones featuring Symbian 3 technology are getting sold on a daily basis. This interesting piece of information points towards an important fact, which suggests that the soaring popularity gained by Symbian is far outweighing the popularity that was the pride of other eminent mobile manufacturers like Android and Palm. This immense popularity also underlines the understandable fact that commitment with this important and interesting feature can prove to be hugely beneficial for any cell phone manufacturing company in terms of gross revenue and customer appreciation. I want this technology to become the defining symbol of our company because the amazing web development tools are easy-to-get-familiar-with for any user, who even has not any solid technical understanding. It is an undisputed reality that the priorities of the customers keep changing with time and no technology, be it immensely effective and convenient for the public, lasts forever in the context of public appreciation. Flexibility should be an essential feature of organizational behavior and so, I want my company to adhere to this latest technology so that new changes can be brought in the way the mobile softwares are designed. We should look up to the biggest changes brought by the topmost technologies introduced in the international mobile industry and Symbian 3 is definitely one of those eye-catching technologies. Why Symbian 3 should be made the top priority of any m obile company? Shaukat lays stress on the remarkable features supported by the Symbian OS by saying that the software tools that come with Symbian 3 have made the founder of this technology, Symbian, so popular that â€Å"it has taken over 70% of the existing smartphone market.†

See the dic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

See the dic - Essay Example is no new requirement with a harmful effect to the project is added; Time Management, which involves ensuring that the deadline of the project is met; Cost Management, which sees the project completed within the budget; Quality Management, which ensures the project does what it was intended to and is completed according to the requirements; Human Resource Management, which involves all processes for managing, developing and putting the team together; Communication Management, which determines the type of information needed and the medium of sending that information as well as how the performance of the project will be reported; Risk Management, which includes identification, controlling and management of risks associated with the project; and Procurement Management, which involves processes for acquisition of services and materials required for successful completion of the project. In summary, there are nine major knowledge areas of a project and each knowledge area covers an important part of the project. One knowledge area may cover various phases of groups of processes in the project. A project manager must therefore excel in all the nine knowledge areas even though some knowledge areas may be more pivotal than the others. Each area must however be executed with professionalism and care in order to have a successful project

Expectations Regarding the Role of Women by their Families Essay

Expectations Regarding the Role of Women by their Families - Essay Example In Chinese society, women were supposed to be submissive to their men as exemplified by the tradition of foot binding. While Steele and Major indicate that the idea behind foot binding was not a way of oppressing women, it is essential to point out that this activity is an act of the family’s expectation on women to be submissive to their families. In this case, foot binding was a painful process and the notion in Ancient China that women had to undergo this procedure appears as a way through which women had to submit to the requirements of the society and their families. In this case, the mother expected their girls to undergo this process while men would not marry women who did not undergo foot binding (Steele and Major 417). On the other hand, Indians expect women to submit to their husbands, and women who appear to be independent find it challenging to get a suitable person for marriage (Nanda 430). In a society whereby most marriages are arranged, Indians expect women to serve their husbands and families faithful without women being independent to make their decisions on the person they marry. By itself, the act of arranging marriages exemplifies the expectation of the family on women to submit to their family’s requirements, especially based on the family’s choice of suitor. This action is further extended upon marriage whereby the family expects a woman to be submissive and follow their family’s wishes. In ancient China, families expected women to be inferior to their male counterparts. In this case, foot binding was used as an approach of differentiating men from women and providing men with a chance to feel superior to their female counterparts who were crippled as a result of foot binding (Steele and Major 418). In line with this, it is the expectation of the family that a woman will remain inferior to their men, which boosted a man's ego. On the other hand, it is unlikely for an Indian man to marry a woman who is more educ ated than the man (Nanda 429).  

The Tokugawa Ancestral Law Of Seclusion History Essay

The Tokugawa Ancestral Law Of Seclusion History Essay There is widespread agreement in traditional western and Japanese historiography of Tokugawa Japan that during the period 1630 to 1853, the Japanese empire was completely isolated from the rest of the world. Discussions have highlighted the various edicts in the 1630s which on the surface were designed with a secluding purpose in mind, yet despite evidence of the limitations in trade and access as well as the expulsion of Catholics, there is irrefutable evidence which would support an alternative viewpoint. Kazui considers that the term sakoku the most popular term to describe Japanese international relations during the Tokugawa period, since Engelbert Kaempfers works were translated, is in fact not of Japanese origin and its literal definition closing the country diverges from the facts.  [1]  The contemporary term used to refer to the policy was kaikin meaning maritime restriction, appears more applicable when considering evidence of continued trade and diplomatic relations in the period. Historians have commonly come to describe the foreign policies and practices of Tokugawa rulers as based on seclusion and the widespread usage of the term Sakoku has arguably led to the misinterpretation and generalisation of Tokugawa foreign relations. The main historical focus has been limited to the role of Christianity demonstrating an intolerance to Western religion and of the port of Nagasaki as the only window to the world during the period, yet Ronald Toby and other recent scholars have examined the issue from a broader perspective including reference to the context of Japans North East Asian relations with China, Korea and Ryukyu and other examples of maintained foreign intercourse in order to give a clear outlook of the characteristics of foreign exchange during the Edo period. Whether or not the Tokugawa Shogunate intended to seclude Japan from the rest of the world is debateable despite the fact that foreign relations were minimised, especially with Europ e. It is also considered that the fear of foreignness was actually concerned more with the West than Japans Asian neighbours. There must be an appreciation of the individual examples of foreign relations as well as the changing nature of Japans socio-cultural character as a whole. While the traditional historians of the period give evidence for the assertion that the ancestral law of seclusion was rigidly observed, there are those who outline evidence refuting the claim that sakoku defined Japans foreign relations. The cultural and socio-political make-up of Japan was defined by a neo-Confucian feudal system ruled by provincial daimyo meaning self-sufficiency and a system of self-contained policy was naturally kept to during the period. Due to the nature of Tokugawa rule, contact with the outside world was seen as unnecessary, therefore foreign relations during the Tokugawa period are traditionally discussed in terms of developments in Japans European policy. This is understandable as there are two main connecting events which are easily identifiable as practical examples of a pattern of seclusion in Tokugawa foreign relations: the expulsion of the Portuguese in 1639 and the eradication of Christianity. The period is considered to be defined by seclusion, yet this may have been due to a combination of fear concerning foreign elements in society and Bakufu concern for Japans traditional culture. The position of Christianity as a religion influenced from the outside world gradually became untena ble as it was seen as a threat to Tokugawa legitimacy. Under the policies of Shogun Hideyoshi, the success European missionaries had enjoyed in Japan from 1600, effectively ended as the dynamics of Japanese politics were altered: through anti-foreign and anti-Christian policies. The seclusion edicts led to Christianity being persecuted and finally crushed an example of the proposed Bakufu reaction against globalisation.  [2]  The further example of the ban on Portuguese entrance into Japan makes it seem as though sakoku was observed at least in terms of securing the regimes own cultural traditions. Yet by barring the Portuguese and the removal of Christian influences shows the Bakufu leaders sought to eliminate only elements of unchecked intercourse such as the fear of foreign imperialism and Catholicism.  [3]  More favourable elements of foreign relations remained as proven through the allowance of the Dutch into limited ports. In this perspective, historians have come t o consider Tokugawa foreign policy as selective rather than a pursuit of total isolation. The discussion of the strictness of sakoku is not a straightforward one, as those historians who agree seclusion was observed differ in their opinions concerning the benefits and merits of the system. Varley argues that from the 1630s, there was an identifiable policy of national seclusion which actually created the conditions for the Great Peace of more than two and a half centuries. Varley proposes the intention of the Bakufu differed from the literal definition of the 19th Century term sakoku; it is conceivable that the law of seclusion was carried out in order to preserve national hegemony, At the time of its inception, the seclusion policy was more intended to establish a new international order in East Asia, with Japan at the centre than to seal the country off permanently from all but minimal ties with the outside world.  [4]  Furthermore, evidence of increased productivity in the 17th Century, as a result of the policy, makes the seclusion laws seem more positive and not for purposes of isolation. Varley notes that different historiographical viewpoints consider the termination of intercourse with Western Europe along with the repressive feudal controls over its people as arbitrary and reactionary and ignore the economic and social benefits to the measures. In this traditional perspective, the seclusion appears to have been simply for isolationist purposes yet the security of the regime was at stake and the Tokugawa rulers arguably needed to impose seclusion due to these threats. By considering that Japan took until the 19th Century to begin western style technological and scientific developments, the assumption that the seclusion policies were observed rigidly is plausible this must be true in some measure yet as Westerners still saw Japan as in the furthest extremity of the World and therefore inaccessible to an extent geographically, the advancements may not have been hampered by the proposed rigid observation of seclusion. Moreover Japan was no t alone in acting as it did, but one of several countries of the Far East that minimised or restricted trade and cultural ties with the Western world in the 17th Century. As analysis has traditionally been focused on the restriction of European relations, Japans diplomatic relations in Asia have largely been ignored, yet it becomes clear that generalisations about Japans foreign relations based on the exclusion of certain people, are inadequate to explain foreign policy with other Asian countries. For instance it is apparent that the Ieyasus edict expelling Catholics from Japan in 1639 cannot be regarded in the same light as other foreign policy. From the 1970s, Japanese and American historians have challenged the traditional view of a unique isolation policy by showing that Bakufu leaders kept Japan engaged with in trade and diplomacy, in order to emphasise the positive aspects of Japanese foreign policy specifically with neighbours in Northeast Asia. Ronald Toby, considers that an examination of Japans non-European relations highlights there was less discontinuity in Japanese relations in 1630s than is traditionally thought.  [5]  Trade and dip lomatic relations in fact continued in Northeast Asia, with Korea, Ryukyu and China all engaged in intercourse with the Tokugawa Empire. In terms of the development of trade specifically, Kazui refers to the request by the Bakufu for the Dutch to supply silk to the Japanese markets soon after the exclusion of the Portuguese. In this respect, there was undoubtedly a selective motivation for the Edict expelling the Portuguese in 1609, yet as the Dutch were given trading rights instead, the practical observation of the seclusion laws are more complicated under the surface as trade prospered through certain ports. Therefore the term kaikin, meaning maritime restriction is more applicable to the historical context. Therefore, in practice, each Edict should be considered in their own merit and not as part of a general theme of intended isolation. The Bakufu knew that new relations were equally as important to its stability as the foreign relations which it terminated,  [6]  and by ma intaining maritime trade relations with certain countries Japan recognized the advantages and disadvantages to the countrys security, as well as its economical and cultural goals. Recent historiography concedes that some aspects of the Tokugawa ancestral law of seclusion may have been observed rigidly yet highlights that these aspects may have been consistent with Japanese economic relations at the time anyway. The attention to Bakufu political actions, both domestic and international, give a more concrete expression to the sense of legitimacy it was trying to foster.  [7]  Toby deduces that Japans foreign policy goals were influenced by consistent legitimising principles and it was these which were observed and not the proposed isolationist seclusion: The Bakufu genuinely wanted to hold on to Japanese culture and perhaps were only minimally isolated but only because of the determination for legitimacy and security. The limit on foreign trade and ports was another practical means of satisfying the governments legitimisation goals and brought economic stability. The various examples of Japans continued trade: especially with its Northeast Asian neighbours a nd the Dutch, albeit from restricted ports, serve to invalidate the traditional view that that the seclusion laws were observed rigidly and were meant to isolate the country from the rest of the world. Granted, there are examples of changes in relations but these were in line with Bakufu goals in order to preserve national hegemony and secure Japans best economical interests. More recent historiography, both American and Japanese, is tremendously useful in examining the observance of the ancestral seclusion laws. It is arguable that a new generation of historians are able to examine Japan without the traditional emphasis on the countrys failings in comparison with the Western development and focus on the Bakufus eagerness to increase certain imports and the selective process of Japans international commercial activity.  [8]  Ronald Toby highlights that the restraint on Japanese people from travelling abroad is also disputed in Japanese revisionist historiography, questioning a chief representation of proposed isolation in the period. A balanced interpretation of this matter would examine the foreign influence especially of the Dutch in the period, to undo the exaggerations, yet it is conceivable that this element of sakoku did exist: the restrictions of movement under the Tokugawa reign were kept to as part of the fear of foreignness and was considere d at the time to be vital to the great peace and unprecedented economic productivity. There is disproportionate historiographical emphasis on the importance of the arrival of the United States in 1853 making the opening of Japan seen more drastic than it actually was. Hellyer notes that Japan was able to be diplomatically and commercially engaged with foreign nations, The Edo-period system of foreign relations allowed Japanese leaders to remain flexible and pursue nuanced approaches to intercourse with the outside world.  [9]  If Japan was open to trade and diplomatic relations then the seclusion laws could not have been observed in terms of the closed definition of sakoku, as conservative historians propose. However, the policies of the 1630s, exterminating Christianity and blocking European access to trade ports suggest a possibility that these differences were due to rigid observance of the seclusion laws. Yet the Tokugawa rulers limited and tightly controlled the access to political, economical, and ideological influences from the outside world, in particular, the West because they were concerned with the long term process of looking after Tokugawa legitimacy and not because they wanted to isolate Japan. It was these concerns which led to selective observance of elements of the seclusion laws as well as constant changes in diplomatic and trade practices. Furthermore, the stark differences between Japanese and Western development in the nineteenth century do add credibility to the more conservative scholars interpretations. Yet, there are examples of other countries such as China which also fell behind in development, due to its global position. With an appreciation of the instances of continued and in some cases increased commercial activity, there is a strong argument that the law of seclusion was not detrimental and neither were its considered isolationist elements observed with any rigidity.